The mines were willed to him by his father, when he reached the age of
majority. George Washington was building Ships, and commissioned a ship
that his brother-in-law, Fielding Lewis built. Don't you wonder where the
Iron came from to build these ships? One of the ships commissioned by
Washington was the Dragon, which my ancestor, Charles Lewis served aboard.
It is a matter of reading the available material, not just Washingtons'
material but his brother-in-laws writings as well.
Anita
>From: James Brothers <[log in to unmask]>
>Reply-To: Discussion of research and writing about Virginia history
> <[log in to unmask]>
>To: [log in to unmask]
>Subject: Re: Slavery and immoral stance, etc.
>Date: Sun, 17 Jun 2007 22:47:35 -0400
>
>Part of the agreement between Principio and Augustine Washington, was that
>Washington would provide iron ore to the Potomac IW. During this period it
>is likely that the mining was done by slaves. But again you indicated in
>your earlier post that it was GW's slaves that worked iron ore. That is
>unlikely as the Principio shares passed to Lawrence Washington who died
>about the time Potomac was shut down and well after mining operations had
>shifted to Maryland. That most of Principio was owned by Royalists caused
>major problems during the Revolution. Virginia appropriated funds for the
>reopening of the Potomac IW, but not by Washington.
>
>James Brothers, RPA
>[log in to unmask]
>
>
>
>On Jun 17, 2007, at 14:33, Anita Wills wrote:
>
>>I read a document several years ago that mentioned Augustine Washingtons'
>>slaves as working in his Iron Ore operations. You would have to look at
>>his Will to see where the slaves were at the time of his death. I do know
>>that the slaves worked in the iron ore operations.
>>
>>Anita
>>
>>
>>>From: James Brothers <[log in to unmask]>
>>>Reply-To: Discussion of research and writing about Virginia history
>>> <[log in to unmask]>
>>>To: [log in to unmask]
>>>Subject: Re: Slavery and immoral stance, etc.
>>>Date: Sun, 17 Jun 2007 13:45:59 -0400
>>>
>>>Augustine Washington was a partner in the Principio Co. Most of the
>>>Principio partners lived in England (which caused no end of problems
>>>during the Revolution) and most of their facilities were in Maryland.
>>>Their first "ironmaster" neglected to make sure that the land he bought
>>>had iron ore (he was primarily interested in his own commercial
>>>activities). His replacement, John England (an experienced ironmaster),
>>>spent his first few months in America looking for and securing iron ore
>>>for the company. It being hard to make iron without ore.
>>>
>>>One of the places he found it was on land owned by Augustine Washington
>>>on Accokeek Creek, near Fredericksburg (called Potomac IW, but today
>>>called Accokeek IW). A blast furnace and iron mine was built there
>>>around 1726. For a while it also served as the headquarters of the
>>>Principio Co. This ironworks was closed around 1753-57 and the HQ
>>>shifted back to Maryland. However, GW retained a minority interest in
>>>the company. I am not aware of any of the Washington's slaves working
>>>iron ore after Accokeek/ Potomac closed. Because of the medieval
>>>(really!) nature of land tenure in the Northern Neck, the Fairfaxes got
>>>1/3 of all of the iron ore mined. As a result Principio, and many other
>>>Virginia ironworks, switched to using ore from Maryland in the 1750s.
>>>While I suppose technically some of the company slaves were GW's, he
>>>had little if any control over what they did, nor how they were
>>>treated.
>>>
>>>James Brothers, RPA
>>>[log in to unmask]
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>On Jun 13, 2007, at 22:11, Anita Wills wrote:
>>>
>>>>My brother wrote his masters thesis about the migration of blacks from
>>>>the south to northern cities. That was the first time I saw on paper,
>>>>how this migration affected America. My paternal Grandfather left
>>>>South Carolina for Pennsylvania to work in the Steel Mill. The small
>>>>town that I was raised in was made up of immigrants from Europe
>>>>(mostly Communist Countries), and blacks from southern states. The
>>>>main industry when I was growing up was the Steel Mill. I learned
>>>>about the role iron ore played in the Revolution while reading about
>>>>George Washington, whose slaves who worked with Iron Ore.
>>>>
>>>>The economics of slavery encompassed more than Cotton and Tobacco.
>>>>Thank you for pointing this out.
>>>>
>>>>Anita
>>>>
>>>>>From: James Brothers <[log in to unmask]>
>>>>>Reply-To: Discussion of research and writing about Virginia history
>>>>> <[log in to unmask]>
>>>>>To: [log in to unmask]
>>>>>Subject: Re: Slavery and immoral stance, etc.
>>>>>Date: Wed, 13 Jun 2007 20:57:03 -0400
>>>>>
>>>>>It should be remembered that while the US played a part in the slave
>>>>>trade, most of the slaves shipped out of Africa to the Americas went
>>>>>to Brazil and the Caribbean (often in ships out of Boston and
>>>>>Baltimore, but also Liverpool and lots of other places). But more
>>>>>importantly it was the British who outlawed slavery and enforced an
>>>>>embargo of the Atlantic trade. This was followed by the US. It was
>>>>>the British and US Navy that finally shut down the Atlantic slave
>>>>>trade. The East African (overseas) trade was not shut down until
>>>>>later, and it can be argued that portions of the trans-Sahara trade
>>>>>flourish today. Slavery in the US should be viewed in a world
>>>>>context, not just as a peculiar American problem. Because it was
>>>>>transnational and its solution was as well.
>>>>>
>>>>>My primary area of study is the iron industry. Many, in some case
>>>>>most or even all, of the workers at blast furnaces, forges, and
>>>>>foundries in the South and in the North were slaves.
>>>>>
>>>>> Negroes were used in the ironworks from the early
>>>>>establishment of the Pennsylvania industry. In 1727 the shortage of
>>>>>labor was so acute that the ironmasters in the colony petitioned the
>>>>>Assembly for permission to import Negroes free of duty to labor at
>>>>>their works... A bill permitting Negroes imported into the colony for
>>>>> the express purpose of laboring at ironworks to enter duty free
>>>>>failed by the deciding vote of the Speaker. Two years later,
>>>>>however, the duty of £5 on each Negro brought into the Province was
>>>>>reduced to £2... While Negro slaves and freed Negroes usually worked
>>>>>at menial tasks, at many ironworks they were skilled workmen.
>>>>>[Bining 1938:99-102]
>>>>>
>>>>>It was reported by Acrelius that the workers at PA ironworks were
>>>>>"generally negroes". the most interesting case is that of Monmouth
>>>>>County, NJ. It was the site of an early ironworks, Tinton Falls
>>>>>(circa 1677). The large number of slaves used there skewed this rural
>>>>> counties population well into the 19C. For years no one could
>>>>>figure out why a rural county in NJ had such a large Black
>>>>>population. The reason was the descendants of the Tinton Falls
>>>>>slaves.
>>>>>
>>>>>James Brothers, RPA
>>>>>[log in to unmask]
>>
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