The message from Kevin Hardwick, in my view, illustrates in several ways why Hemings-TJ ought still to be discussed. I hope people who regularly delete these replies will give me a chance. I don't shout and I don't call names and I've studied the scientific evidence, and its uses and misuse, for a long time. Professor Hardwick wrote: > Can we agree that we know these things > with reasonable certitude? I'd rather change the word _certitude_ to _certainty_, but in any case: no, not all of these things. Please consider: > 5. She accompanied Jefferson to France Wasn't it more like the following? When TJ, already in France, sent for his younger daughter, he stipulated that she be chaperoned. He had no idea that she would be chaperoned by a mere child who seemed notably immature to both the transporting seacaptain and, on arrival in England, to Abigail Adams, who met the two children before they went on to France. > 6. She had children by more than one man I thought there was no evidence one way or the other. This is touchy territory, because it is often construed -- with a good deal of justice, in my view -- to overlap the domain of Sally Hemings's dignity, a domain that in my view is vitally important (and that in my view is also the grounding for the excesses that some paternity believers sometimes demonstrate -- just as it is a domain that a few paternity disbelievers too often seem to disrespect). A one-father assumption, sometimes called the monogamy assumption, underlies the Neiman statistical study of the conceptions coincidences, but if Professor Hardwick is right, there's a third fatal flaw in that study. (More below about all of that.) A one-father assumption also underlies Annette Gordon-Reed's and R. B. Bernstein's frequent, and scientifically erroneous, claim that the DNA molecular findings blasted the Carr paternity possibility not only for Eston's case, but for the cases of all of the Hemings kids. In fact the DNA says absolutely nothing about any of the kids but Eston. (Again, as I think I've said in this forum before, maybe the Carr paternity possibility is preposterous. I wouldn't know. I just know that the DNA says absolutely nothing about the paternity of any Hemings kid but Eston, and therefore says nothing about Carr paternity, or lack of it, for any of the other kids.) > 7. The father of one of her children was descended > from Thomas Jefferson's paternal grandfather--that > is to say, we can narrow the list of possible fathers > for this child to Thomas Jefferson, his paternal uncles, > and his paternal cousins Yes to all before the sentence dash, but what follows the sentence dash appears to exclude the possibility of paternity by some unknown carrier of the DNA marker within the enslaved population. We know that the DNA marker crossed the race line. We do not know whether it crossed the race line in a generation earlier than the one that produced Eston Hemings. Now, this may well be an outlandish possibility in terms of the historical evidence. But because the DNA evidence says nothing whatsoever about it, the circle of paternity candidates must actually -- whenever the context is what the DNA did and did not prove -- be defined as wider than the circle of males in the known, acknowledged, extended Jefferson family. As a matter of DNA science, we do not know the radius of the circle of paternity candidates. > 8. Most (all?) of Heming's pregnancies correspond with times when > Jefferson was at Monticello Yes, in a qualitative sense, but in a strict biostatistical sense, no, not completely. This matters because Jan Lewis, R. B. Bernstein and the Thomas Jefferson Foundation all believe that the Neiman statistical study is a "pillar" of paternity proof. One of the two fatal flaws in the Neiman study (the first being the equating of correlation with causation) is the failure to account for the probabilities associated with the varying lengths of human gestation. Births occur, roughly speaking, nine months following conceptions -- plus or minus, roughly, two weeks. Dr. Neiman defined six kids' cases for what he called his "probabilistic evaluation." In one of those cases, TJ was absent for more than half of the four-week conception window. For that case, Dr. Neiman awarded himself a fudge factor. But TJ was also absent for a large portion of one other conception window, and was absent as well for small but not insignificant parts of the windows for two other cases -- including the case of Eston, the only Hemings child actually linked to the Jefferson DNA marker. In other words, in four of the six cases that Dr. Neiman defined for study, TJ was not present for the full conception window. Statistically, quantitatively, that is a big deal, even though it doesn't diminish the intriguing-ness of the qualitative evidence. In a letter to the Richmond Times-Dispatch, Annette Gordon-Reed once criticized my reasoning on all of this, but as my friend the physicist David R. Douglas clarified in a follow-on letter, she apparently didn't understand that in my op-ed I had been criticizing bogus quantification and the unjustifiable invoking of the authority of statistical science -- and not criticizing the obviously intriguing qualitative evidence that Professor Hardwick is sort of right in identifying here. (By the way, if he's right that there was more than one dad, the Neiman study has a third fatal flaw, for the study is built on the one-father assumption.) > 9. During the years when Hemings was having > children, Jefferson was rarely at Monticello (This is not an objection to item 9.) It seems to me that for that time period as Dr. Neiman chose to define it -- a choice that inevitably involved some assuming -- he determined that TJ was present for about half. > 4. She was the half sister of Jefferson's wife I have no opinion on #4, so I moved it out of order to last position. But I can report that some paternity disbelievers dispute its certainty. (I can't remember if one of them is Cyndi Burton, but I note that Cyndi's book often seems to be criticized more than it is actually read -- as for instance in the case of U. Richmond Professor Woody Holton, who tars her deplorably with an implied charge of white supremacy in an Amazon.com book review that I believe shows he didn't even read her book. Cyndi might be wrong about the paternity. I don't know. But she is a careful scholar and she deserves to be read -- and she certainly does not deserve to be treated as shamefully as Professor Holton treats her in that review.) ______________________________________ To subscribe, change options, or unsubscribe please see the instructions at http://listlva.lib.va.us/archives/va-hist.html