Lyle, May I suggest some of my recent reading in addition to what I typically discuss on this list. 1) "1491 - New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus" by Charles G. Mann. Take special note of the chapter on Norte Chico, but the likelihood of a southern-origin migration is also mentioned in other sections of the book. 2) "The Farfarers" by Farley Mowat discusses in great detail the settlement of the Albans (Scottish forebears) in Canada and share photos of the foundations of their stone houses and lighthouses used to guide folks in and out without being known to the Norse. 3) "The Basque History of the World" by Mark Kurlansky. Discusses in depth the exploration of the fishing banks by a people who were without a country. Also, in his book name "Cod", the same author discusses the North Atlantic fishing grounds. The fact that these specific location were not widely publicized is no reason whatsoever to give the credit for their discovery to an unworthy man. And, rather than presentism, I will let you check the record for the fame and acclaim given Columbus during his lifetime. Anne Anne Pemberton [log in to unmask] http://www.erols.com/apembert http://www.educationalsynthesis.org ______________________________________ To subscribe, change options, or unsubscribe please see the instructions at http://listlva.lib.va.us/archives/va-hist.html