Lyle, In his narratives (I'd have to look it up to cite a page), John Smith mentions that the invaders were sometimes shot when the were outside the fort performing "natural functions" which I recognized as going to the bathroom. And, yes, Smith did not go into anything about a lot of Native ways. If you read some of Helen Roundtree's books you can get a better view of some of them, but I don't remember her mentioning toileting, but she put some details on their daily baths in the nearby rivers and creeks. She also provides a more realistic picture of the Huskanaw ceremony that Smith and companions thought was murder of the children. Apparently they gave used no logic to come to that conclusion since the tribe could not continue if the males were routinely killed at puberty. Sure, the mothers cried - you see the same thing every September outside an elementary school when the mothers send their darlings to Kindergarten for the first time. The mothers cry all the way home, but the children turn off the tears almost as soon as Mama is out of sight. Anne Anne Pemberton [log in to unmask] http://www.erols.com/apembert http://www.educationalsynthesis.org ______________________________________ To subscribe, change options, or unsubscribe please see the instructions at http://listlva.lib.va.us/archives/va-hist.html