I wholeheartedly agree with some aspects of Lyle Browning's post. Simply put racism is the overt and covert actions of those in power who use their power to subvert and dehumanize the less fortunate that are of another ethnic background. While in America, the mot overt and blatant was the dispossessions of peoples of African decent and of native American decent, there are more than enough examples to go around ~ i.e. Sunni against Shia, Hutu versus Tutsi, Han against Ming. Yet, we must remember that it all leads back to the first premise. One must on some occasion gather enough testicular fortitude to speak out against injustice. For He who said, "... let him who is without sin cast the first stone ...." also stated "... in as much as you do it to the least of these, you have done it unto me ...." Therefore, as genealogists we must learn from the past and speak boldly and with power against the wrongs of today. Maybe a frank and open discussion could have lessened the blow to the economy, the country, and to families of the "Great Incivility Due to Northern Aggression". Glenn Gregory