Perhaps it would be useful to look at slavery in Virginia from a different perspective. Chattel slavery of Africans was no doubt the most serious issue, at least in the late 18th and 19th centuries, but there were other sorts of slavery involving native populations. I'd break these into three classes: 1) indigenous slavery, i.e., the enslavement by one nation of defeated warriors and people from another rival nation; 2) conquest slavery, i.e., the enslavement of Indian nations or individuals by Europeans after defeating them in battle; 3) judicial enslavement, i.e., the determination by an Anglo-Virginian court or council that a particular individual or nation should be enslaved. I expect that the second and third cases overlap. I am trying to remember the name of the Virginia nation which was defeated, captured, and sent as slaves to the West Indies. I'll go back and check my notes and if I turn anything up, I'll let you know. Meanwhile, take a look at John E. Kicza, “First Contacts,” in Philip J. Deloria & Neal Salisbury, eds. A Companion to American Indian History. Oxford: Blackwell, 2002 (pp. 27-45). Kicza describes the early Anglo-Virginian practice of selling Indian prisoners into slavery: "In 1644, the aged Opechancanough led his people in one more assault against the colonists, killing some 400 and taking many prisoners. Yet again, the Powhatans did not follow up on their successful initial attack, enabling the English to regroup. The colonists now took the offensive, killing some natives, forcing many others to flee, and selling prisoners as slaves. By 1646, the Powhatan empire was no more, and Opechancanough was killed while an English prisoner. His successor agreed to a treaty stating that he held his lands as a subject of the king of England, to whom he even paid a modest annual tribute. No Indians were allowed into English-controlled territory without permission” (p. 37). "By the middle of the seventeenth century, some Carolina peoples – especially the Westoes – were armed and financed by Virginia traders to raid native settlements deep into the hinterland to capture slaves. Expeditions even penetrated deep into Spanish Florida, most notably destroying the Apalacehees in 1702-4. These were exchanged for important items and sold into slavery on Virginia tobacco plantations" (pp. 37-38). See also Joel. W. Martin, “Southeastern Indians and the English Trade in Skins and Slaves.” In Charles Hudson and Carmen Chaves Tesser, eds., The Forgotten Centuries: Indians and Europeans in the American South, 1521-1704. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1994. Pp. 304-324 Cheers -- Kevin