An exception to this could be immigrants from England, where they had  
very good local schools, usually run by churches but occasionally by  
some wealthy local citizen, where children were taught to read and  
write, chiefly so they could read their Bibles. Virginia aristocracy,  
unfortunately, actively tried to keep the "lower classes" here from  
becoming literate, thinking that would better keep them content with  
their station in life. But many, many English immigrants, even  
indentured servants in the 1600s, could read and write.

That's an excellent book, though, and fascinating to read.

Nancy

-------
I was never lost, but I was bewildered once for three days.

--Daniel Boone



On Dec 3, 2008, at 8:26 PM, Cynthia McDaniel wrote:

> According to Albion's Seed by David Hackett Fischer, literacy in VA  
> during
> the 17th century depended upon your station in life.  Among the  
> gentry,
> almost 100% were literate.  They educated their children with private
> tutors.  Below that rank, the figure of literacy declines:
>
> Status of Father 	Male  Female
> High 			100% 	100%
> High Middle 	87	80
> Middle 		80 	17
> Lower Middle 	44 	20
> Lower 		50(?)	5.3  (I suspect the first figure for males is wrong
> since it is higher that the figure for the lower middle class...but  
> that's
> what Fischer says.)
>
> According to Fischer, the prevailing attitude of the gentry was  
> that it was
> "better be never born than ill-bred (i.e., unschooled)" if you were  
> of the
> elite class.  However, for other classes, the attitude of the  
> gentry was: "I
> thank God there are no free schools nor printing...for learning has  
> brought
> disobedience and heresy, and sects into the world, and printing has  
> divulged
> them, and libels against the best government.  God keep us from  
> both!"  This
> attitude was in place in England (southeastern part) long before  
> slaves were
> brought into VA in large quantity.
>
> Fischer says that the libraries of the gentry sometimes rivaled the
> libraries of colleges.  But the yeomanry owned fewer books and  
> servants
> owned nearly none.
>
> I think the idea that the first son would be educated the most is  
> likely.  I
> base this opinion on the research of my own line.  In a collateral  
> line of
> mine, the Scarboroughs, Edmund Scarborough and his second son,  
> Edmund, came
> to VA about 1633.  Edmund I's first son, Charles, was in college in  
> London
> (Caius College).  Charles (the first son) was christened in Dec  
> 1615 in
> London, graduated from Caius College in Cambridge in March  
> 1633/1634 at
> 17/18 and graduated from A.M. of Caius College in 1639.  He was the
> physician for King Charles II,  James II and William III.  Because  
> Edmund II
> accompanied his father, it doesn't appear that he went to college  
> (he was
> two years younger than Charles).  He may have been self-educated after
> coming to VA because he advanced in station to Lt. Colonel and  
> served as
> Speaker of the House of Burgesses, was a merchant with several vessels
> traveling between Massachusetts, MD, VA and England (and possibly  
> SC).  He
> was the largest land owner in VA at the time and a fierce  
> competitor in
> ensuring his self-interest. (He moved the line between MD and VA to  
> maintain
> his property in VA...the line was changed after vigorous protest by  
> the
> Governor of MD.  Nor was he friendly towards  Native Americans who  
> referred
> to him as the "Conjuror".
>
> As far as colleges in the Americas, the College of William and Mary  
> was the
> second college established in the Americas in 1693 so the gentry  
> did not
> have to send their sons to England.
>
>
> Cynthia McDaniel
>
> -----Original Message-----
> From: Research and writing about Virginia genealogy and family  
> history.
> [mailto:[log in to unmask]] On Behalf Of nelhatch
> Sent: Wednesday, December 03, 2008 12:03 PM
> To: [log in to unmask]
> Subject: [VA-ROOTS] A question re: education........
>
> HATCHER website: http://hatcherfamilyassn.com
> HALL DNA project: http://homepages.rootsweb.com/~nhatcher/hall/ 
> HDNAtest.htm
> "If you can't stand the skeletons, stay out of the closet" - Val D  
> Greenwood
>
> I have a question (or two) about the customs in the 1600s regarding  
> the
> education of one's sons.
>
> For a man of above average means, was it the norm to educate one's  
> sons in
> England? Or might only the eldest son be given this type of education?
>
> What would the age of a young man have to be to enter college? I  
> believe one
> would graduate college in that time period at about the age of 18?  
> Is my
> thinking correct on this?
>
> Thanks for any input on this!
>
> Nel Hatcher
>
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