There is enough blame to go around, I am sure. In order for the 
African Cheiftains to communicate with the slave traders, they would 
have had to have access to them. That means the ships were in Africa, 
looking for what? Were they looking for gold or diamonds, and the 
Chief suggested slaves? How can anyone make a blanket statement about 
such matters, and not offer any proof? 

My Great-Great Grandmother was enslaved from Guinea West Africa, while 
they were panning gold. She stated that they were taken to the coast, 
and put on a Dutch Ship. I am assuming that the slaves and gold were 
taken aboard the same ship. I doubt that my ancestors father, who was 
a Chief, sold her and the others into slavery. She makes no mention of 
any African person capturing and enslaving her. This ancestors, people 
were Muslim, and descendants of the Mali Empire. They were literate, 
and studied in Timbuctu, where they migrated to Guinea from.

Not only were Africans slaves, so were Europeans, and they sold each 
other as well. My understanding is that Arabs traded in African and 
European slaves, who sold the Europeans? 

Anita Wills 
Order Sites for Notes And Documents of Free Persons of Color - Barnes 
& Noble: http://search.barnesandnoble.com/booksearch/isbnInquiry.asp?
userid=9v5Ox3pAni&isbn=1411603338&itm=1

LEBOUDIN INFORMATION SITE:
http://www.orgsites.com/ca/leboudinpub/


-- "John P. Adams" <[log in to unmask]> wrote:
Since my ancestor, John Hawkins, was one of the people, English Sea
Captians, responsible for the arrival of the Africans and other 
infidels, as
the Church of that time referred to non-believers, to the Americas, I 
would
like to add, that it was the African tribal chieftans, war lords and 
Muslim
victors of their African campaigins that so many of the 'kidanpped' 
people
were sent out from Africa to be sold to originally the Spanish. The 
original
'slaves' were for a majority losers in fights with other tribes and 
thus
were sent away as prizes of war.
The traders at this time were the Portugese, Italians, Spanish, Dutch 
and
English shippers. The only reason so many did this 'trade' was that it 
was
so profitable. It takes two to tango, as the saying goes and there was 
a
ready market in Central and South America as well as, after 1620 in the
English colonies.
I would like to also remind those from the NORTH, it was people like 
Captain
Brown, of Brown university fame, that were the most aggressively 
involved in
the 'trade'. You would have thought by the 1800's, that there would 
have
been a slackening off of this abomnible business by those who were
condemning the south for the continued use of slaves.

John Philip Adams
Texas

The information in this electronic mail message is confidential and 
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Access to this electronic message by anyone else is unauthorized.

-----Original Message-----
From: Discussion of research and writing about Virginia history
[mailto:[log in to unmask]] On Behalf Of Lyle E. Browning
Sent: Wednesday, September 06, 2006 1:13 PM
To: [log in to unmask]
Subject: Re: "Mystery of Va.'s First Slaves Unlocked" (Wash. Post)

Whoa now, I may have been asleep through some of this, but I've seen
nothing that "disses", jokes about or in any other way is dismissive
of anyone, certainly not in the attached posts to Ms. Steele's
missive. Where's all the preaching coming from here? And by what
right does Ms. Steele claim to include the innocent in her scold?

Lyle Browning, RPA


On Sep 6, 2006, at 2:02 PM, Jane Steele wrote:

> But just remember this:  these people were brought here against
> their will.  They did not request nor ask to come.  Some of us are
> still missing the point and treating this most brutal of
> kidnappings as a joke and a lark.  Please respect Africans and
> African-Americans as people.  Grow up!.  Jane Steele,MA.
>
> -----Original Message-----
>> From: Anita Wills <[log in to unmask]>
>> Sent: Sep 4, 2006 2:13 PM
>> To: [log in to unmask]
>> Subject: Re: [VA-HIST] "Mystery of Va.'s First Slaves
>> Unlocked" (Wash. Post)
>>
>> Paul,
>> Thank you for pointing that out. You are right the Africans were not
>> slaves during that period. You would think that a Newspaper with the
>> reputation of the Washington Post, would get it right.
>>
>> Anita
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>> -- Paul Finkelman <[log in to unmask]> wrote:
>> Typical of newspapers they can't get a simple story right;  first
>> a "Man
>> of Warr" was a ship design, and did not designate a warship.  Second
>> whatever their status on that ship, they were not slaves in Va.
>> (there
>> were no laws creating or allowing slavery and no private practice of
>> slavery yet).  They were indentured servants; some were free and
>> property owners in a few years.    Ed Morgan in American Slavery,
>> American Freedom and Tim Breen and Steve Innes in "Myne Owne Ground"
>> taught us all about this decades ago.
>>
>> Paul Finkelman
>>
>> Paul Finkelman
>> President William McKinley Distinguished Professor of Law
>>     and Public Policy
>> Albany Law School
>> 80 New Scotland Avenue
>> Albany, New York   12208-3494
>>
>> 518-445-3386
>> [log in to unmask]
>>>>> [log in to unmask] 09/03/06 11:23 PM >>>
>> Here is the article from the Washington Post--Martha Katz-Hyman.
>> *********************
>>
>> Mystery of Va.'s First Slaves Is Unlocked 400 Years Later
>>
>> By Lisa Rein
>> Washington Post Staff Writer
>> Sunday, September 3, 2006; A01
>>
>> JAMESTOWN -- They were known as the "20 and odd," the first African
>> slaves to set foot in North America at the English colony settled in
>> 1607.
>>
>> For nearly 400 years, historians believed they were transported to
>> Virginia from the West Indies on a Dutch warship. Little else was
>> known of the Africans, who left no trace.
>>
>> Now, new scholarship and transatlantic detective work have solved 
the
>> puzzle of who they were and where their forced journey across the
>> Atlantic Ocean began.
>>
>> The slaves were herded onto a Portuguese slave ship in Angola, in
>> Southwest Africa. The ship was seized by British pirates on the high
>> seas -- not brought to Virginia after a period of time in the
>> Caribbean. The slaves represented one ethnic group, not many, as
>> historians first believed.
>>
>> The discovery has tapped a rich vein of history that will go on
>> public
>> view next month at the Jamestown Settlement. The museum and living
>> history program will commemorate the 400th anniversary of 
Jamestown's
>> founding by revamping the exhibits and artifacts -- as well as the
>> story of the settlement itself.
>>
>> Although historians have thoroughly documented the direct slave 
trade
>> from Africa starting in the 1700s, far less was known of the first
>> blacks who arrived in Virginia and other colonies a century
>> earlier. A
>> story of memory and cultural connections between Africa and the 
early
>> New World is being unearthed in a state whose plantation economy set
>> the course for the Civil War.
>>
>> "We went entirely back to the drawing board," said Tom Davidson,
>> senior curator of the Jamestown-Yorktown Foundation. "The problem 
has
>> always been that all of the things that make for a human story [of
>> the
>> Africans] were missing. . . . Now we can talk about the Africans 
with
>> the same richness we talk about the English and the Powhatans."
>>
>> Behind him, an Angolan man was depicted stripping bark from a baobab
>> tree in a re-created village featured in the museum's new
>> 30,000-square-foot gallery, which will open Oct. 16. It's double the
>> space of the previous one, to cover a long span of the 17th century
>> and the African story, which was barely featured before.
>>
>> How the story of the charter generation of Africans in Virginia has
>> come to life in a new $25 million museum wing is a tale of two
>> scholars who helped connect two coasts of the Atlantic Ocean.
>>
>> The early 1600s was a time of war and empire-building in Southwest
>> Africa; Portuguese traders under the rule of the king of Spain had
>> established the colony of Angola. The exporting of slaves to the
>> Spanish New World was a profitable enterprise. The Portuguese waged
>> war against the kingdoms of Ndongo and Kongo to the north, capturing
>> and deporting thousands of men and women. They passed through a 
slave
>> fortress at the port city of Luanda, still Angola's capital.
>>
>> At Jamestown, tobacco was on the verge of a boom after the British
>> had
>> failed at several industries. Indentured servants from England were
>> common in the settlement, now close to 1,000 people strong.
>>
>> John Rolfe, Virginia's first tobacco planter and husband of the
>> Indian
>> princess Pocahontas, wrote the widely held account of the African
>> landing in a letter to the Virginia Company of London. The captain 
of
>> a Dutch warship that arrived in Jamestown in August 1619 "brought 
not
>> any thing but 20 and odd Negroes, wch the Governor and Cape Marchant
>> bought for victuale . . . at the best and easyest rate they could."
>> Rolfe explained that the ship and another called the Treasurer had
>> embarked from the West Indies.
>>
>> A retired University of California at Berkeley historian, Engel
>> Sluiter, made a startling discovery in the Spanish national archives
>> in the late 1990s as he did research for a book on Spanish America. 
A
>> colonial shipping document he uncovered in an account book 
identified
>> a Portuguese slave ship called the San Juan Bautista. About 350
>> slaves
>> were bound for Veracruz, on the east coast of modern-day Mexico, 
when
>> the ship was robbed of its human cargo off the coast of Mexico in
>> 1619
>> by two unidentified pirate ships, the record said.
>>
>> Sluiter, who died in 2001, published his discovery in the William 
and
>> Mary Quarterly. It caught the eye of John Thornton, an expert on the
>> Portuguese colonies in Africa in the 16th and 17th centuries.
>>
>> The outlines of the other half of the story took shape.
>>
>> "I said, 'I can figure out how these people were enslaved,' " said
>> Thornton, a Boston University professor who, with his wife, 
historian
>> Linda Heywood, is publishing a book on the slave trade between 
Angola
>> and the North American colonies. Previous scholarship has documented
>> the slave trade from Ghana, Senegal and other parts of West Africa.
>> "We know Angola was a big exporter of slaves to Brazil and the
>> Spanish
>> colonies, but now we know that they showed up here," Thornton said.
>>
>> Through records of a legal dispute between the pirate ships, 
Thornton
>> identified the British vessels as the Treasurer and the White Lion,
>> which was flying a Dutch flag. Each took 20 to 30 slaves before the
>> San Juan Bautista continued to Veracruz. They landed at Jamestown
>> within four days of each other and traded the Africans for
>> provisions.
>> The Treasurer then sailed to Bermuda, dropping off more slaves, and
>> returned to Virginia a few months later, trading the final nine or 
10
>> more.
>>
>> Many Angolans followed -- not just to Virginia, but to New York and
>> New England, say Thornton and Heywood, who are consultants to the
>> Jamestown Settlement. Their research draws a portrait of the first
>> Africans as urban people connected by common languages, who had had
>> contact with Europeans for many years.
>>
>> Virginia's first Africans spoke Bantu languages called Kimbundu and
>> Kikongo. Their homelands were the kingdoms of Ndongo and Kongo,
>> regions of modern-day Angola and coastal regions of Congo. Both were
>> conquered by the Portuguese in the 1500s. The Africans mined tar and
>> rock salt, used shells as money and highly valued their children,
>> holding initiation ceremonies to prepare them for adulthood.
>>
>> And they most likely had been baptized as Christians, because the
>> kingdom of Ndongo converted to Christianity in 1490. Many were
>> literate. This background may be one reason some of Virginia's first
>> Africans won their freedom after years as indentured servants, the
>> historians said.
>>
>> The Portuguese and Catholic roots figure prominently on a glass wall
>> in the new gallery at the Jamestown Settlement. Mareo, Christian,
>> Nando, Acquera, Palmena, Cuba, Salvo -- they are among 400 African
>> names engraved on the wall, one for each anniversary year.
>>
>> One is Angelo, whose name appears on a 1624 census of the colony
>> discovered in the past decade. She is listed as a "Negro woman" who
>> came on the Treasurer and worked as a servant in the home of Capt.
>> William Pierce and his wife, June. Historians assume the slave's 
name
>> was Angela.
>>
>> It is Angela, played by a young Angolan actress, who stars in the
>> introductory film visitors will see as they watch the new story of
>> Jamestown unfold. The 23-minute movie was filmed on a beach in 
Luanda
>> in 2004.
>>
>> The film will replace a 15-year-old version that gives the first
>> Africans only a passing mention. Now visitors will be transported
>> to a
>> Portuguese cathedral in Luanda, where a Jesuit priest breaks bread
>> with the captains of the San Juan Bautista. They discuss the souls 
to
>> be saved and riches to be made from the continued shipment of slaves
>> from Massangano, an inland city. The film cuts to a hut on the shore
>> of the Kwanza River, where Angela, a young woman in her twenties,
>> pounds grain and smiles. Then she and thousands of others are
>> captured
>> and taken to a beach at Luanda. A Jesuit priest asks her if she has
>> been baptized, and she answers yes.
>>
>> "Then she is a child of God. When she dies, she will go to heaven,"
>> the priest says. And the slave ship sets sail against the evening
>> sun.
>>
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>>
>>
>> 
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>
>
> Lillian Jane Steele
>
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