We also have the example of the other big slaveholding republic, Brazil. It didn't abolish slavery until 1888 when it did so without a civil war. That it remained as the last slave country, of course, played a big part. And like the South, the agricultural labor arrangements retained dependency far into the 20th century. Nevertheless, Sao Paulo, where slavery had been important, was well on its way to becoming an industrial powerhouse by the late 19th century.

Jim Hershman

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