My brother wrote his masters thesis about the migration of blacks from the 
south to northern cities. That was the first time I saw on paper, how this 
migration affected America. My paternal Grandfather left South Carolina for 
Pennsylvania to work in the Steel Mill. The small town that I was raised in 
was made up of immigrants from Europe (mostly Communist Countries), and 
blacks from southern states. The main industry when I was growing up was the 
Steel Mill. I learned about the role iron ore played in the Revolution while 
reading about George Washington, whose slaves who worked with Iron Ore.

The economics of slavery encompassed more than Cotton and Tobacco. Thank you 
for pointing this out.

Anita

>From: James Brothers <[log in to unmask]>
>Reply-To: Discussion of research and writing about Virginia history         
>      <[log in to unmask]>
>To: [log in to unmask]
>Subject: Re: Slavery and immoral stance, etc.
>Date: Wed, 13 Jun 2007 20:57:03 -0400
>
>It should be remembered that while the US played a part in the slave  
>trade, most of the slaves shipped out of Africa to the Americas went  to 
>Brazil and the Caribbean (often in ships out of Boston and  Baltimore, but 
>also Liverpool and lots of other places). But more  importantly it was the 
>British who outlawed slavery and enforced an  embargo of the Atlantic 
>trade. This was followed by the US. It was  the British and US Navy that 
>finally shut down the Atlantic slave  trade. The East African (overseas) 
>trade was not shut down until  later, and it can be argued that portions of 
>the trans-Sahara trade  flourish today. Slavery in the US should be viewed 
>in a world  context, not just as a peculiar American problem. Because it 
>was  transnational and its solution was as well.
>
>My primary area of study is the iron industry. Many, in some case  most or 
>even all, of the workers at blast furnaces, forges, and  foundries in the 
>South and in the North were slaves.
>
>             Negroes were used in the ironworks from the early  
>establishment of the Pennsylvania industry.  In 1727 the shortage of  labor 
>was so acute that the ironmasters in the colony petitioned the  Assembly 
>for permission to import Negroes free of duty to labor at  their works... A 
>bill permitting Negroes imported into the colony for  the express purpose 
>of laboring at ironworks to enter duty free  failed by the deciding vote of 
>the Speaker.  Two years later,  however, the duty of £5 on each Negro 
>brought into the Province was  reduced to £2... While Negro slaves and 
>freed Negroes usually worked  at menial tasks, at many ironworks they were 
>skilled workmen.   [Bining 1938:99-102]
>
>It was reported by Acrelius that the workers at PA ironworks were  
>"generally negroes". the most interesting case is that of Monmouth  County, 
>NJ. It was the site of an early ironworks, Tinton Falls  (circa 1677). The 
>large number of slaves used there skewed this rural  counties population 
>well into the 19C. For years no one could figure  out why a rural county in 
>NJ had such a large Black population. The  reason was the descendants of 
>the Tinton Falls slaves.
>
>James Brothers, RPA
>[log in to unmask]
>
>
>
>On Jun 12, 2007, at 22:48, John Philip Adams wrote:
>
>>No, I am not saying that we were the victims of the sale of people.  In 
>>1600,
>>this was not unacceptable policy for any of the European countries  or the
>>Arab countries or Arab people. Obviously, it was not unacceptable  to the
>>Arab sellers or the African warlords who were selling their vanquished
>>opponents as well. It did not pay to be the losers.
>>This is the history of Virginia, the south and the USA. Sorry not  to be 
>>PC.
>>But it is sometimes necessary to relate the facts as they occurred,  not 
>>what
>>we wish had happened or are we trying to impose on our ancestors  what we
>>know in 2107.
>>No the Europeans were responsible for their actions. Make the arabs
>>responsible for their actions. I was also saying that slavery has not
>>stopped in the 1870's no matter what the books say. Maybe the  'books' are
>>wrong. Virginia had slaves, so did Mass, Rhode Island,  Pennsylvania. The
>>Quakers were partially responsible for the antislavery movement.
>>Slavery happened. It was wrong then it is wrong now. Whether it was in
>>Virginia then or as it is in Africa today.
>>
>>John Philip Adams
>>
>>-----Original Message-----
>>From: Discussion of research and writing about Virginia history
>>[mailto:[log in to unmask]] On Behalf Of Anita Wills
>>Sent: Tuesday, June 12, 2007 9:26 PM
>>To: [log in to unmask]
>>Subject: Re: Slavery and immoral stance, etc.
>>
>>Here we go again, talk about history, but only the history that is
>>comfortable. We are discussing Virginia history on this list, and
>>Washington, Jefferson, and most of the others you mentioned are  Virginia
>>Historical figures. Yes, the Arabs buy and sale Africans, and  
>>historically
>>they bought and sold each other, and Europeans. We are discussing  
>>Virginia
>>and American History, and no one is out of bounds on this list.  What you
>>appear to be stating is that Europeans were the victims of the  Arabs, who
>>forced them to buy African Slaves. That argument just does not wash.
>>
>>Anita
>>
>>
>>>From: John Philip Adams <[log in to unmask]>
>>>Reply-To: Discussion of research and writing about Virginia history
>>
>>>      <[log in to unmask]>
>>>To: [log in to unmask]
>>>Subject: Re: Slavery and immoral stance, etc.
>>>Date: Tue, 12 Jun 2007 20:30:28 -0500
>>>
>>>Arab Slavery may have been written on the books as stopping in the  
>>>1870's,
>>>but that is crock. The Muslims still have slaves, sell slaves and  
>>>enslave
>>>people all over a lot of the African continent.
>>>While everyone is blasting G. Washington, T. Jefferson and all of  those
>>>other nasty slave holders, let's not forget who was selling those  
>>>prisoners
>>>and Africans to John Hawkins, Francis Drake, the other English ships'
>>>captains, the Dutch, the Spanish, the Italians and whoever else  showed 
>>>up
>>>on
>>>the western coast of Africa to transport to the 'new world'. The  Arabs 
>>>were
>>>the sales agents and the others were the transporters. If you are  going 
>>>to
>>>complain, complain about the ones who were the instigators, the  sellers,
>>>and
>>>the precipitators' of the inequity that we all know occurred called
>>>slavery.
>>>The 1st purchasers of African slaves were the Spanish in the  Caribbean 
>>>and
>>>Mexico.
>>>Please condemn the ones, who are responsible for the sale of their  
>>>fellow
>>>Africans and their enemies to the shippers for these problems, but  
>>>please
>>>do
>>>not try to impose 21st century mores' on 18th century people.
>>>
>>>John Philip Adams
>>>
>>>-----Original Message-----
>>>From: Discussion of research and writing about Virginia history
>>>[mailto:[log in to unmask]] On Behalf Of Paul Heinegg
>>>Sent: Tuesday, June 12, 2007 4:36 PM
>>>To: [log in to unmask]
>>>Subject: Re: Slavery and immoral stance, etc.
>>>
>>>Wasn't slavery also stopped by Islamists in Central Asia in
>>>the 1870s?  What are the best sources for this particular topic?
>>>
>>>-----------
>>>I lent someone my copy of "Islam's Black Slaves" by Ronald Segal,  but I
>>>believe all Islamic countries continued to practice slavery until  
>>>pressured
>>>by the West to stop. It was part of their culture which became  tied to
>>>their
>>>
>>>religion. Today, one-third the population of Mauretania are still  slaves
>>>and
>>>
>>>a good percentage of the population of the Sudan.
>>>Paul
>>
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