Here are some references:

Joel Williamson, __New People, Miscegenation and Mulattoes in the United
States__, (Baton Rouge & London: Louisiana State University Press, 1995)

For early Virginia, Williamson cites these three (among others)

Edmund S. Morgan, __American Slavery, American Freedom: The Ordeal of
Colonial Virginia (New York: Norton, 1975)

James Hugh Johnston, __Race Relations in Virginia and Miscegenation in the
Sout 1776-1860 (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1970)

John Henderson Russell, __The Free Negro in Virginia, 1619-1865 (Baltimore:
Johns Hopkins Press, 1913)

Regards,

Robert L. Smith


On Friday 10 January 2003 11:06, you wrote:
> I am trying to find early references to children of mixed race appearing in
> the population of Virginia.  That is, when did people begin to talk about
> this as an issue.  I know that even in the 1600s enslaved African females
> were coming ashore pregnant from having been raped by ship's crew but, other
> than the reference, no discussion of what this meant.  Testosterone being
> what it is, and availability and the inability to say no being what it must
> have been, mixed race children had to have been a social factor very early.
> But I haven't found the references.  Many thanks to any list member who has
> guidance to hand.
>

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